Below visible · λ 0.154 nm

Structure, by diffraction

Before the light shows anything, X-rays scatter off the crystal. The GFP β-barrel — PDB 1EMA — becomes the ground truth every engineered variant is measured against.

HeLa metaphase, multichannel confocal
λ 450 nm · Blue channel

Confocal & BFP

The blue end of the palette. Multi-channel acquisition is what makes reference-free imaging possible at all.

λ 488 nm · Excitation line

The laser line

One narrow line of light does the asking. Everything else on this landscape is the answer.

GFP transfected cells
λ 509 nm · GFP / OMFP

Optical modulation

Fluorescent proteins engineered to switch on command — background rejected in the FFT domain, not by hardware. SAFIRe.

Descend into this work →
Hippocampal neuron, red channel
λ 610 nm · Red channel

mCherry & the overlay

Where the green channel meets the red, registration becomes measurement. Two channels, one signal.

Retention projection, chromatogram ridges
Beyond visible · m/z

Mass over charge

Past the edge of vision the measurement continues — GC–MS and LC–MS retention projection, and the machine-learning program that grew from it.

Retention projection → Machine learning →

B. PENG

A body of work, laid along the spectrum.

Scroll to travel →
The record · highlights Full record : Google Scholar ↗
Large Language Models and Cognitive Science — a comprehensive reviewarXiv · 2024 Jailbreaking and mitigation of vulnerabilities in large language modelsarXiv · 2024 Securing large language models — bias, misinformation, and prompt attacksarXiv · 2024 From aleatoric to epistemic — uncertainty quantification in AIarXiv · 2025 Optically modulated fluorescent proteins through dark state engineeringJ. Phys. Chem. B · 2021 Unbiased GC retention factor vs. temperature relationshipsJ. Chromatography A · 2014 Machine-learning prediction of mortality in dialysis patientsFrontiers in Public Health · 2025
The operator

Benji Peng, Ph.D.

Principal Investigator, AppCubic. Analytical chemistry and biophysics — and the machine-learning program that grew out of the measurement bench.

2021Georgia Institute of TechnologyPh.D.
2014University of MinnesotaB.A.
B. Peng, Ph.D. — AppCubic · 2026 Measured across the spectrum — imagery : Wellcome Collection CC-BY · RCSB PDB CC0 · computed in-house